When you're getting started, remember that a clove of garlic is one piece of garlic that you break out of the larger globe of garlic you purchase. Using all the cloves instead of just one, would result in a very garlicky dish.
You can remove the paper from the outside of the clove by placing it under the flat edge of your chef's knife and mashing down hard. Follow the same process as the onion on a smaller scale, in order to mince, but take extra care to curl your fingertips under as you dice.
Step 1 - Remove the paper covering the garlic cloves.
Step 2 - Mash the garlic clove with the flat edge of your knife.
Step 3 - The cloves may also be minced using your knife.